Contemporary Status of Women in the Us

Women have come a long way from the early 1900’s when they gained their equal right to vote, to now where it seems women have equal rights to do just about anything. Women have been increasingly joining the economic work force since the last 100 years or so. Although, women in the work force have been increasing in numbers are they given an equal and fair chance compared to that of men? A quick glance on the subject would suggest that women are given equal and fair chances in the work force; however, upon closer inspection it seems women in fact are not given the same fair and equal opportunities as men.Women are subjected to occupation gender segregation and unfair pay gaps in comparison to men. Nevertheless, women are working diligently and successfully to break down these unjust barriers that are keeping them from having equal opportunities. According to Margaret L. Andersen and Dana Hysock Witham, in Thinking about Women: Sociological Perspectives on Sex and Gender, gender segregation is â€Å"the pattern whereby women and men are situated in different jobs thought the labor force† (128).This can be made an example of in obvious occupations such as: kindergarten and preschool teachers, nurses, librarians, and house cleaners, versus college professors, doctors, lawyers, and construction works. The former, when typically imagined, the first image that comes to mind is a woman, whereas the latter is associated with a man. These occupations are associated with certain genders because generally speaking those jobs are and have traditionally been a certain gender dominated. Philip N. Cohen, and Matt L.Huffman, in Occupational Segregation and the Devaluation of Women's Work Across U. S. Labor Markets, hypothesis that gender segregation in the workforce exists because of the â€Å"discrimination both in the allocation of workers across the job categories and in how female-dominated jobs are rewarded relative to male-dominated jobs† (882). Women are â€Å"blocked access† to typical male dominated jobs because of social ideas and cultural norms that say that women cannot effectively do the work of men, which requires intellect, leadership, hard labor, and other skills traditionally associated with men.Rather, women are kept in low paying jobs that often do not lead to promotions and involve skills that they have traditionally been known for, such as cooking, cleaning, taking care of children, obeying men’s orders, and things of that nature. Because women and men are kept in jobs that relate to their traditional gender based skills, it creates a segregation of the labor force instead of creating a heterogeneous labor force were men and women are equally interested in and are hired in certain occupations.Women’s work is also often undervalued in society, especially in comparison to the work of men. Because of this undervaluing of women’s work women are additionally rewarded far less than men are. A wage gap is the difference between the earnings of men and women in the workforce. Today â€Å"women earn only 77 percent of what men earn, at least on average† (DeNavas-Walt qtd. in Andersen and Hysock Witham 137). The wage gap between women and men can be attributed to occupational segregation and wage discrimination.Occupational segregation places women in lower skilled jobs that underutilize and devalues women’s skills and potential to work and be successful in the labor force (Karamessini and Ioakimoglou 34). Employers usually pay their employee’s wages that they see fit in relation to, how much they deem an employee and his or her skills are worth in the company, and how they contribute to the company. Because women’s work and skills are undervalued by a majority of society they are in turn paid less compared to men.Additionally, women usually seek out or are put into jobs that are women dominated. Again since women’s work is undervalued, on ce an occupation becomes a woman dominated occupation, the job itself becomes less valuable and people in that job eventually are paid less in that occupation compared to if it had been a male dominated occupation. The wage gap is also impacted by wage discrimination. The unequal pay of women based on gender rather than qualifications and skills is wage discrimination. In Joel T. Nadler and Margaret S.Stockdale’s article, Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just Between Strangers they quote Kolesnikova ; liu , â€Å"Although the gender wage gap has been decreasing over the last thirty years there is still a difference in salary between men and women in similar careers with similar experience† (282). Women are still being paid less than men despite having equal or better fit skills and or qualifications than men. Women are making progress in making the wage gap between men and women non-existent, however, progress has been slowing.Women are slowly but surely making significant p rogress in leveling the playing field in the labor market for both men and women. Progress can be seen in closing the wage gap between genders and in the desegregating of gender based jobs. â€Å"The earnings gap between men and women has shrunk to a record low†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dennis 01a). Dennis attributes it to the prosperity of women in the 21century economy and the fact that the recession has negatively affected men’s pay. He additionally continues to discuss how not only has white women’s wages increased, black women’s wages have also seen an increase in the past nine years.Women’s wages have been slowly increasing and becoming even with that of men. This increase can be attributed to women breaking down barriers of gender segregation in the work force. â€Å"Women have been moving into high-paying professional jobs such as accountants, lawyers and physician† (Dennis 01a). These occupations are typically male dominated. However, it seems in re cent years the occupations’ genders have been less homogenous and more of an even or close to even mixture of both genders.As women are taking over more male dominated jobs, such as perhaps managerial jobs, it seems that there are sacrifices that women have to make where as men usually do not. â€Å"Studies indicate career oriented women are more likely to delay relationships or children in order to advance their careers† (Hoffnung qtd. Nadler and Stockdale 282). Because women are taking on traditionally male dominated occupations they are under extra scrutiny and watch, therefore, women feel the pressure to perform well and make sacrifices in the name of their job.Women can feel that in order to be successful they are required to choose work over family life. The pressures over performing well in a women’s career life and also balancing their social or family life can create anxiety and unhealthy stress for women. Although, women have been successful in further closing the wage gap and breaking down gender segregation within the workforce, their progress it seems has also come at the price of choosing a career or a family.Although women have come a long way since the early 1900’s it seems that they are still subjected to unequal treatment compared to men. Women face gender segregation in the workforce which makes it difficult to attain prestigious and high paying jobs. Women are also subjected to being paid less than men regardless of having equal or superior skills. Nevertheless, women are facing these obstacles head on. Women are now more than CEO’s, they are leveling the playing field between genders in the labor force and re demanding, and showing that they deserve equal pay. Works cited Andersen, Margaret L. , and Dana Hysock Witham. Thinking About Women, SociologicalPerspectives On Sex And Gender. 9. Boston : Prentice Hall, 2010. Print. â€Å"Closing The Gender Gap. † Society 30. 3 (1993): 3. Academic Search Pre mier. Web. 29 Oct. 2012. Cohen, Philip N. , and Matt L. Huffman. â€Å"Occupational Segregation And The Devaluation Of Women's Work Across U. S. Labor Markets. † Social Forces 81. 3 (2003): 881-908. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. Dennis, Cauchon. Gender pay gap smallest on record. † USA Today n. d. : Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. Karamessini, Maria, and Elias Ioakimoglou. â€Å"Wage Determination And The Gender Pay Gap: A Feminist Political Economy Analysis And Decomposition. † Feminist Economics 13. 1 (2007): 31-66. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. Nadler, Joel T. , and Margaret S. Stockdale. â€Å"Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just Between Strangers. † North American Journal Of Psychology 14. 2 (2012): 281-291. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.

Alara Agri Case

1. Should Taner engage in consumer research for Alara Agri’s prepackaged cherries or should he attempt to persuade German and Belgian retailers to conduct some test marketing in their stores? Taner should engage in consumer research for Alara Agri’s prepackaged cherries because throughout the case, German and Belgian retailers were very pessimistic of the idea of prepackaged cherries, believing that the packaging would deter the consumers in their countries from buying because it does not give the â€Å"farm fresh feel. The German and Belgian retailers also stated that their consumers were more price sensitive, and would not be prone to packaging unlike other countries such as the UK which is an island. German and Belgian retailers were under the assumption that the UK consumer would pay more for packaged goods because they are an island, and it is not as easy to obtain such fruits and vegetables all year round.After reading studies, a Belgian report showed, â€Å"an in-store survey revealed less than 40 percent of consumers are able to state the correct price of a jar of mayonnaise immediately after purchase, more than 20 percent having no idea at all of the price charge. † A German study of consumers at supermarkets found a staggering number of just under 70 percent of purchases were made at the point of sale, and that brand meant a lot, because it distinguished quality items from not. 2. If you think consumer research is appropriate, what are the specifics of your research plan?The specifics that would be most appropriate for the research plan, would have to be having a brand/label test, as well as a price test. The ultimate goal is to propose the plan to the German and Belgian retailers, which is already touchy. The plan is to show a minute cost increase but with a return far greater with the idea of longer shelf life, as well as a brand that would stick. The challenge to overcome is to figure out how to convince the German and Belgian retailers that the cost of convenience and quality would catch on quickly as it did in Europe.The research plan will also include test marketing in the stores, perhaps with a credit to the retailers whose shelf space was wasted as a result of a failed attempt to gain a new base of consumer. All in all, getting the brand name out and getting it to stick with the meaning of quality, with an offering of good faith that if the attempt fails, the retailers would be reimburse to the fullest. 3. If you think test marketing by retail customers is appropriate, what are the specifics of your research plan?Test marketing is absolutely appropriate by retail consumers, because it allows a company to not throw all of their eggs in one basket only to have it fail. It gives the company an opportunity, as well, to determine whether or not it would be appropriate to make such a drastic change in an already established market. In order to do this, we would need retailer willingness of shelf space for any certain amount of time. We would also have to implement a consumer report of customers who picked through cherries, as opposed to customers who picked up the â€Å"punnets† of cherries.This type of comparative data would allow us to show the Belgian and German retailers an analysis of growth, profit, and gross margin, ultimately convincing, or proving the Belgian and German retailers correct. 4. Do you have any other recommendations for Mr. Taner? My only other recommendations is that Mr. Taner prove his brand and quality meet the expectations of those he is trying to convince. Rightfully so, Mr. Taner has all of the tools he needs in order to perform a thorough study which should allow him to obtain shelf space in German and Belgium, on the pretense that his changing of the market is an actual success.

People Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People Communication - Essay Example Failure of communication meeting the intended purpose raises suspicion and reactance. Communication takes place due to the assistance of a variety of tools and equipments. Researchers and scholars have plated a vital role in enhancement of communication by development and invention of effective communication tools and strategies. This paper discusses in depth technological change, social construction theories, political economic analysis, and the ideology of technology neutrality (Atkin 3). Change is a remarkable event in everyone’s life. Rapid change in technology has brought diverse effects to individual’s lives. Change comes in succession and is bond to happen in everyone’s life. How an individual approaches the changes in life becomes a question at hand. Changes that arise in an individual’s life may either be social, economically, or politically allied (Chandler). Change may either have optimistic or pessimistic impacts in an individual’s life. Change in technology has diversely altered the way people converse and relay message. Different ways have come up where an individual can have a discussion with another who is miles away. Change in technology entails innovation, invention, and diffusion of technological processes. Technological change aims for better and more effective technology (Cellary and Iyengar 187). In the social world, technology has invented methods of enhancing effective communication.... Researchers argue that new electronic communication media has enabled people interact and collaborate in a contemporary manner. For instance, every kind of technological change requires a little communication and training (Atkin 4). An individual is supposed to change with the changing technology and effectively adapt to it. Researchers depict that the biggest technological change in the society, encompasses communication. Communication is an extensive procedure that involves not only two people but also the society at whole. Language use is a key factor to effective communication. Therefore, it is necessary for individuals to strategize on the kind of language to use when conveying message (Birkinbine). Change in technology has greatly influenced the way people converse. Communication devices have changed immensely over centuries thus leading to the invention of mobile technology. The mobile technology has over time varied from a simple pre-paid hand phone to a small thin laptop. Mo bile technology refers to various types of cellular communication technology devices. These devices include palmtop computers, net-book computers, smart phones, global positioning devices, and wireless debit or credit cards. Mobile technology has portrayed a wide range of first modern infrastructure in the society. The use of mobile technology has boomed over years. In most cases, the level of technology in any kind of communication devices, determines whether to purchase or buy the device. Arguably, mobile technology has been a force that clears away barriers, promotes inclusiveness, and opens opportunities to all those who would otherwise not partake in the digital cost-cutting measures (Chandler). As communication technologies

Winners and Losers in the Arguments for Free Trade Essay

Winners and Losers in the Arguments for Free Trade - Essay Example This surge in the flow of services and goods will undoubtedly increase competition that, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the price that consumers have to pay for goods to the traders. When these elements are all combined, most economists are of the belief that global and individual economic growth will be achieved. The comparative advantage theory states that every country will produce goods at which they are extra efficient at production. So long as each country is able to produce goods that give it more comparative advantage, trade becomes mutually beneficial. One argument for free trade is specialization. Through exporting and importing goods, nations come to rely on each other for the production of services and goods at which it might not be too efficient at doing itself (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 11). When producers and countries are allowed to specialize in production of various services and goods, they attain more efficiency in service and goods production. It also let s individual countries produce services and goods for some things that they may have not been in a point to back when they had to produce everything they needed themselves. Specialization also allows countries, which had to provide services and goods for themselves when they were still not available via trade, to carry out other tasks. Yet another argument for free trade is efficiency. Free trade enhances a country’s efficiency, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the number of services and goods that country or individual can produce using the same resources (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 11). This encourages corporations to look for other ways of decreasing wasted resources that, in turn, decrease the production costs of goods. Various firms may also seek to increase their production because of the increased demand that will inevitably rise due to the existence of free trade. This will happen when they realize that it is possible to produce extra units at a per unit pri ce that is decreased. One more argument for free trade is an increased standard of living for the involved parties. Increased specialization and efficiency allow these parties to attain a higher living standard. As more services and goods are purchased and sold via exportation and importation, the amount of cash resources that are available in these nations can only increase. With individuals making more cash, they possess more money that they can spend on services and goods that they could use to import services and goods that can satisfy their other needs (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 12). Finally, free trade allows its participants to attain a better quality of life. Besides monetary gains to be gleaned by countries involved in free trade, economists use the argument that free trade highly improves the quality of life for its citizens. Free trade leads to the decrease in the possibility of war outbreaks, enhances the security of the nation, and leads to increased cultural enrich ment and awareness (Voituriez and Ekins, 2009, p. 13). The belief is that these countries depending on each other for services and goods are not likely to go to war with each other. Additionally, it is likely that they will rely on each other’s defense when a situation pops off. This idea of free trade also exposes individuals to various cultures that exist around the world that result in their personal enrichment. Winners in Free Trade The biggest winners in free trade agreements are transnational corporations. Free trade agreements erase tariffs, meaning that corporations pay less for them to sell their products. With reduced tariffs, for example, electronic producers can

Inception Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Inception Movie - Essay Example The intention of this study is ‘Inception’ as perhaps the most sophisticated and fascinating movie that revolves around the power of the mind and simultaneous to how it can be manipulated. A dream inside a dream and the sharing of this activity enables Dom Cobb and his team to illegally steal information related to corporate espionage through extraction. It starts off with the architect who builds the dreams and designs all of its intricacies. This process goes all too well until projections, which are the person’s subconscious in action, becomes aware that what is happening is not real. These projections turn against the dreamer. The projections are part of the dream and comprise the whole feel that actually adds to make the dream more real but they are at same time the most telling that everything is not in order and retaliates so that a search for the dreamer and the end of the dream ensues. This is why it is important to keep track of reality within a dream to avoid triggering the subconscious toward any suspicion. The main goal of extraction, or in this case inception, is to be able to create a reality that would allow Cobb to grab hold of information that the person hides intently. Specifically in inception, it is the control to let the person come to his own realization to make the idea more compelling. In the world presented in the film, technology not only enables people to explore dreams extensively, it has also instilled the value of protection from such thievery. This is where the inception of Robert Fischer with the idea to break up his father’s empire turned out to make the job terribly difficult as armies are sent instead of the normal human projections. But this is not the most threatening of all the projections. It is the recurrence of Mal that threatens their lives while inside three concurrent dreams. In order to keep off the animosity of projections, the architect plays an important role in the development and crea tion of dreams. From the start the audience already gets a strong sense that Cobb is the best at what he does but he has been broken by memories of the death of his wife and constant running away from authorities. Ariadne proved to be the most helpful in keeping away the demons that haunt Cobb and in eventually allowing him to confront them and the reality of what happened to his wife. She was the only other architect who was able to parallel him in his prime. Initially, the film had established that the architect plays an important role. When Cobb was supposed to extract information from Saito, the latter was able to tell it was a dream because of the carpet which was a lapse on the part of their previous architect. As Botz-Bornstein aptly puts it, â€Å"The architect of dreams must create a place. Space is already there in the cacophony of the subconscious† (p.122). What Ariadne provided are the details, in small or large scale, which was a way to make them partake in the d ream. More than her initial task of creating an intrinsic labyrinth so that Cobb may shed away his projections of Mal, Ariadne created sequences upon layers of dreams that made for the believability of their alternate reality. Cobb had cautioned her vehemently, â€Å"Never recreate from your memory. Always imagine new places!† (Inception). But mostly this warning was directed by Cobb for his own benefit since it is Mal’s projections that are the worst and ultimately had led them to the abyss that endangered their lives. Ariadne, except for the recurrence of Mal, was the only pivotal female figure that actually exists in real time in the film. The architect provides for development of the story and her strength

Bilingual Education Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bilingual Education Curriculum - Essay Example It is then necessary to lay down the reasons why despite several convincing arguments on the effectiveness of bilingual education, the arguments and debates continue. And to shed light on the cloudy controversy, Crawford (1998) presented the ten misconceptions or common fallacies about bilingual education as follows: 1. English is losing ground to other languages in the United States. More of a panic view than an empirical one, Crawford (1998) acknowledged that there are more world languages spoken in the US now more than ever but quantitative, he argued and not a qualitative change from earlier periods. He pointedly added the concentrations of non-English language speakers common in the 19th century provided for by laws authorizing native language instruction in several states and territories. Children in big cities and rural areas attended bilingual and non-English schools with a diversity of French, Norwegian, Czech or Cherokee while "English survived without any help from government such as official-language legislation," (Crawford, 1998). 2. Newcomers to the United States are learning English more slowly now than in previous generations. Another unfounded belief, Crawford (1998) argued that recent immigrants "appear to be acquiring English more rapidly than ever before" while minority language speakers grow, bilinguals fluent in both native and English language "is growing even faster. Waggoner (1995) reported that between 1980 and 1990, the number of immigrants who spoke non-English languages at home increased by 59%, while the portion of this population that spoke English very well rose by 93% . Likewise, Crawford (1998) added that only 3 percent of US residents reported speaking English less (as compared to well and very well) while only a very insignificant portion spoke no English at all. Also, Veltman (1998) found that about 3 in 4 Hispanic immigrants were reportedly able to speak English on a daily basis after 15 years of residency, and that 70 percent of their children became monolingual English speakers 3. The best way to learn a language is through total immersion. Rodriguez (1982) and de la Pea (1991) were often cited to have "succeeded in school without a special program and acquired a very high level of English literacy," (Krashen, 1997) but it was found out, both had substantial advantages. Rodriguez grew up in an English-Speaking neighborhood in Sacramento, California instrumental in his informal immersion from classmates while de la Pea had the bilingual education advantage in Mexico until fifth grade, and was placed two grades backwards in his schooling in the United States. Crawford (1998) further argued "there is no credible evidence to support the "time on task" theory of language learning-- the claim that the more children are exposed to English, the more English they will learn" emphasizing quality over quantity of exposure while Krashen (1996) pointed out that second language input must also be comprehensible to promote second language acquisition. Crawford (1998) adde d that children left alone to learn on their own in an all-English classroom setting with little or without help via native lessons, English learning will be of little use. And that native instruction will make learning

Health and saftey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health and saftey - Essay Example The workers in the farm shall also be seriously exposed to danger if the cracks in the chamber will not be secured. The cattles and sheeps which are positioned in the field will also be endangered once the chamber totally breaks or explodes. The people who will be passing the road near the chamber, which has a distance of 1 mile from the main road, can also be seriously affected by the faulty sewer system. 3. Evaluation of Risks: Since there is a high risk or probability that the condition of the cracks will worsen any time soon, it is deemed best that the appropriate measures should be taken to seal the cracks of the main junction chamber by applying a sealant. In the event that no action is taken to seal the existing cracks in the walls of the chamber, it is expected that the condition of the chamber which can lead to its total breakdown. 4. Implementation: Since sealant fumes are known to cause drowsiness and are known to be heavier than air, toxic and highly inflammable, it is re commended that all persons working in the farm, even the farm animals should be taken to a safer place while repair of the main junction chamber is on-going. ... The application of the sealant must be done immediately in order to prevent the build-up of cracks to worsen. However, this is only a temporary solution. It is highly recommended that a total replacement of the main junction chamber should be implemented so that the solution is long-term. The goal of this precautionary measure is to foster a safe working environment for the workers and shall serve as a protection for the whole community, including the animals, living within the vicinity where the chamber is situated. Establishing a risk assessment plan will result to controlled risks. â€Å"Workers and others have a right to be protected from harm caused by a failure to take reasonable control measures. Accidents and ill health can ruin lives and affect your business if output is lost, machinery is damaged, insurance costs increase or you have to go to court†. Details on risk assessment can be found at the Health and Safety Executive website which can be viewed at . Operation 2 1. Hazards: The maintenance of the grass verge, trees and hedgerows which is adjacent to the highway and within the vicinity of a junior school, should be done regularly as the local police suspects that drug traders have been operating in the area and can be hide-out for criminal activities. 2. Who may be harmed: The students who go to the school within the vicinity can be the potential victims if the grass, trees and hedgerows are not well-kept. The gardener who is tasked to do the clearing and maintenance operation is also seriously at risk since he is the only person tasked to complete the job. He can be exposed to danger if during the operation, he is attacked by a group of drug

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Literature - Essay Example However both the writers are observed to be depicting a married life that reflects the pain and desolation of the two women and this depiction adds a new dimension or meaning to marriage and relationships because the definition and importance of marriage has undergone a transformation since the old times. Also the gender roles have also undergone a change since women are now emerging as individual beings rather than a docile and a submissive counter part in a married relationship. In reference to this new meaning it is also stated, â€Å"The role of marriage in the society itself has become blurred† (Thornton, Axinn and Xie, 2007, p.5). This diverse and disillusioning representation of the institute of marriage symbolizes the despair and despondency of human race and society in the modern world. Moreover the representation of women as the victims of not only the society’s or their family’s will but also fate makes the readers realize the injustices that are done to women. Consequently such a depiction adds the strains of feminism in both the prose. Although both the writers make use of the theme of feminism in their stories yet the manner in which each author depicts it reflects the unique style and perspective of each writer. The Story of An Hour is a depiction of a woman’s tumultuous emotional journey from sadness to joy to shock and death as a result of the shock with in the time frame of one hour. The story gives an insight of a woman’s mind and the manner in which she deals with the terrible news of her husband’s death. Mrs. Mallard’s actions and reaction gives the story a lot of subtext that the readers explore because through her actions the readers explore and interpret the hidden or the underlying meaning i.e. marriage is not an institute of security and stability for women anymore in fact it is a relationship of misery and pain. The Necklace is a story about a lower middle class woman Mathilde Loisel and her marriage. The story reflects

BUS 499 MoD-5 (SLP) Integation Causal & Strategy Essay

BUS 499 MoD-5 (SLP) Integation Causal & Strategy - Essay Example ooking at this strategy and its impact on financial performance, it can be concluded that this strategy will lead to an increase in revenues, which in turn would lead to greater operating profits and net income. Since the company will add new competencies in its operations; these competences, presumably will enable it to achieve economies of scale in its operation and reduce unit price of the product. This coupled with an increase in sales volume will lead to an increase in the company’s profit margins, which ultimately will be reflected on the company’s annual profits. In this way, the balance scorecard approach enables the company to achieve its two foremost financial objectives: increasing the company’s profitability and maximizing the returns of stockholders of the company. By accomplishing both these objectives, the company will ensure future survivability and growth. Kaplan, R. S., and Norton, D. P. (1992). The Balanced Scorecard: Measures That Drive Performance. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from http://library.tmu.edu.tw/news/%5BHarvard%20Business%20Review%20-%20January-February%201992%5D%20-%20Kaplan%20&%20Norton%20-%20The%20Balanced%20Scorecard%20-%20Measures%20That%20Drive%20Pe.pdf Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P. (2004). Measuring the strategic readiness of intangible assets. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from http://www.cma-slp.com/onlinelibrary/OL_English/Strategy%20Implementation/Management%20Accounting/MeasuringTheStrategicReadinessofIntangibleAssets.pdf   Lawrie, G., and Cobbold, I. (2004). Third-generation balanced scorecard: evolution of an effective strategic control tool. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 53(7), 611 – 623. Palladium. (2011, June 8).  Palladium balanced scorecard hall of fame for executing strategy. Retrieved May 17, 2012, from Roos, G., and Roos, J. (1997). Measuring Your company’s Intellectual Performance.

Marx's method can be applied to objects other than capitalism, such as Essay - 1

Marx's method can be applied to objects other than capitalism, such as nature - Essay Example nd system which they observed as the vital ‘material’ aspects in determining social system and class relations, and as well the state and the sharing of political authority. Marxism could as well be observed as a separate move towards the scrutiny of society, particularly in terms of historical progressions of transform, which has had a remarkable impact on several areas of study within the social sciences and the humanities. The Marxist scrutiny of capitalism and the situations under which capitalism go through stages of financial crisis that finally lead to social and political revolt is extremely multifaceted and is fundamentally economic in its direction. The Marxist appraisal of capitalism places meticulous stress on the responsibility of the institution of private property as the source of class exploitation and the need of employed workforce on a fortunate group of landlord. And the visualization of a future communist society hug the thought of reinstating private property by common possession for the wellbeing of all and worked out by some form of direct workers control. In this essay the application of Marx’s method on various objects ar e explained (Taylor, 1996) As a matter of fact Marxist idea has enthused studies in several areas such as art history, literature, culture studies, philosophy, historiography, and the social sciences. These influences have continued through several different tropes within Marx’s notion - the hypothesis of estrangement, the perception of confusion, the labour theory of significance, the theories of class clash and misuse, the hypothesis of the forces and dealings of production, or the assumption of the method of production. Consequently the question of Marxist method is complex: there are several areas where Marxist methods have been working, and there are lots of strings contained in Marx’s idea that have given rise to different strategies. The focus here is the methodology for the social sciences including the

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay To simply define Human Resource Management (HRM), it is a management function that helps managers recruit, select, train and develop members for an organization. Obviously, HRM is concerned with the people’s dimension in organizations. When we say HRM of the organization, it is concerned with all the departments of it. In the marketing department, people consult products or services that lead to the sale. In the sales department, people sell products or give services to the customers. And also in finance, people manage and forecast the flow of money in the organization. All these functions cannot be accomplished without the help of the human resources and people are the ones that can make the organization achieve its objectives. And when the strategies come together with HRM, there comes Strategic Human Resource Management (strategic HRM or SHRM). It may be regarded as an approach to the management of human resources that provides a strategic framework to support long-term business goals and outcomes. The approach is concerned with longer-term people issues and macro-concerns about structure, quality, culture, values, commitment and matching resources to future need. First, according to Strategic Marketing Management by Wilson, Gilligan and Pearson, I would like to express the different levels within the organization that strategies must be developed. They are: * Corporate strategy, which deals with the allocation of resources among the various businesses or divisions of an organization. * Business strategy, which exists at the level of the individual business or division, dealing primarily with the question of competitive position. * Functional level strategy, that is limited to the actions of specific functions within specific businesses. The above strategies are set at the different levels to achieve a major or overall aim of the organization. The strategic approach addresses issues and needs relating to changes in structure and culture, organizational effectiveness and performance — matching human resources to future requirements, the development of distinctive capabilities and intellectual capital and the management of change. There are five functional areas identified by Bratton and Gold in forming the core of human resource management activities. Staffing: Obtaining people with appropriate skills, abilities, knowledge and experience to fill jobs in the work organization. This role encompasses human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment and selection. * Rewards: The design and administration of reward systems. This role includes job evaluation, performance appraisal and benefits. * Employee development: Analyzing training requirements to ensure that employees possess the knowledge and skills to perfo rm satisfactory in their jobs or to advance in the organization. Employee maintenance: The administration and monitoring of workplace safety, health and welfare policies to retain a competent workforce and comply with statutory standards and regulations. * Employee relations: Under this heading may be a range of employee involvement/ participation schemes in union or non-union workplaces. In a union environment, it also includes negotiations between management and union representatives over decisions affecting the employment contract. With the best HRM policies and practices, HRM strategy does more than drawing boundaries; it also recognizes and addresses peoples needs. The best HRM practices contribute the four outcomes as follow: * Competence: Employees are versatile in their skills and can take on new roles and jobs as needed and are better able to respond to changes in environmental demands. * Commitment: Enhance mutual trust and better communication between employees and managers. * Congruence: All stakeholders share a common purpose and collaborate in solving problems brought about by changes in environmental demands. * Cost effectiveness: HRM policies are cost-effective in terms of wages, benefits, turnover, absenteeism, strikes, and similar factors. Here is the example of â€Å"Starbucks† which is one of the best known and fastest growing companies in the world that invest a lot in human resources. Starbucks believed that the companys success and rapid growth could be attributed largely to its committed and motivated workforce. Consequently, the companys human resource policies reflected its commitment to its employees. Starbucks cared about its employees and was one of the few companies in the retail sector to provide generous benefits to both full time workers as well as part timers. This ensured that employees remained motivated, and Starbucks had a relatively low employee turnover. However, in the early 2000s, the company faced the challenge of finding and retaining the right number and kind of employees to man its future growth. Despite the fact that employees, especially those on the frontline, are critical to the success of retail businesses, most companies do not have a strong relationship with their employees, and consequently suffer from a high rate of employee turnover (In the early 2000s, employee turnover in the retail industry was around 200 percent). In this scenario, Starbucks stood out for its employee-friendly policies and supportive work culture. The company was especially noted for the extension of its benefits program to part-time workers something that not many other companies offered. They are offered health and dental coverage, vision care, life and disability insurance, paid time off, a retirement savings plan, stock options and a discounted stock purchase plan, adoption assistance, domestic partner benefits, emergency financial aid and a free pound of coffee every week. As a result, Starbucks employees were among the most productive in the industry and the company had a relatively low employee turnover. The above example proves that HRM is the crucial source of competitive advantage to be a successful organization in the business environment. Thus, as I have discussed so far, you may have some ideas about Human Resource Management and notice how much it is important for an organization. Reference 1. Aswathappa, K. Human Resource and Personnel Management (Fourth Edition ed. ), (pg. 5) 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Starbucks. (2013, January 17 Thursday). Retrieved from en. wikipedia. org. 3. http://www. hrtutorials. com/cs-model-evaluating-human-resources/. (2013, January 17 Thursday). Retrieved from www. hrtutorials. com. 4. http://www. icmrindia. org/casestudies/catalogue/Human%20Resource%20and%20Organization%20Behavior/HROB068. htm. (2013, January 15 Tuesday). Retrieved from www. icmrindia. org. 5. http://www. mainstreet. com/article/career/employment/4-employers-great-part-time-benefits. (2013, January 17 Thursday). Retrieved from www. mainstreet. com. 6. Manual, ABE Study, Strategic Human Resource Management, (pg. 4,5)

Impacts of Music Piracy

Impacts of Music Piracy In the future, the only way musicians will make money is by playing live. New federal legislation says universities must agree to provide not just deterrents but also alternatives to peer-to-peer piracy, such as paying monthly subscription fees to the music industry for their students, on penalty of losing all financial aid for their students. When record companies appeared, services they were providing were necessary in order for people to listen to recorded music, making and selling records was a major undertaking. This was a starting point of development of recording techniques and record studios, at that time making recorded music available to masses required a significant capital and investments, which in turn required a legal structure that would provide stable profits and return on the required investment. Music industry used to provide people with tools that were essential to listen to recorder music and the difference between that time and our days is that record companies charge people for permission to use tools people already have that they did not provide, that in fact people paid someone else for, yet the legal structure that developed during the time when that services were useful remains. The legal structure says if you don’t pay you are breaking the law therefore you are criminal and the reason it h as not been changed is because of â€Å"STARS† the entire structure of the record industry is built around their interests. Records produce good money for the industry and almost nothing goes to the pocket of musician. This particular diagram is a good example of old model of music production chain, In our days there is no need of Publisher, Distributors and in most cases manufacturers, modern technology allows to burn CDs at home publish own records using internet distributing the material across the World Wide Web physically and digitally. In old days, musician had to pay to almost every person in Music Production chain to record, studios, engineers, managers, labels, publishers, legal departments, distribution networks etc. in fact all of the departments and services belong to the same corporation and the record companies are not actually record companies at all. â€Å"To begin with, we should note that the major â€Å"record companies† are not actually record companies at all but huge media conglomerates. Most â€Å"independent† labels are owned by a corporate label. Each â€Å"major† is in turn owned by an even bigger corporation, and so on up the food chain. At the top of the chain sit a tiny handful of media giants: Time Warner, Disney, Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, Bertelsmann of Germany, Viacom (formerly CBS) and General Electric. These corporations are among the world’s largest. All are listed in Fortune Magazine’s â€Å"Global 500† largest corporations in the world. They have integrated both horizontally (owning lots of record labels, lots of newspapers, and radio stations) and vertically (controlling newspapers, magazines, book publishing houses, and movie and TV production studios, as well as print distribution systems, cable and broadcast TV networks, radio stations, telephone lines, s atellite systems, web portals, billboards, and more).† In contemporary world there are very few recording projects that actually require use of the Cutting-edge technology studios. The Internet and World Wide Web have changed the character of music distribution with laptops and desktop PCs loaded with hardware and software necessary for high-quality sound recording. All the hardware and software applications are available for the average class people not mentioning internet piracy and â€Å"cracked† software that is available to download using peer-to-peer applications. The problem of piracy has been rising for the past 10 years, and the numbers of â€Å"pirates† are growing day by day. From my personal experience every person that is using computer came across piracy and became victims or even the pirates themselves and the reason for that is simple, easy and user friendly peer-to-peer software takes only couple of minutes to setup and another minute to become familiar with interface and all the features, in another 10 minutes it is possible to find your favorite artist and download your favorite album. That is in fact so convenient that it is becoming only the question of conscience whether it is a problem or an opportunity to become pirate. Realizing the problem of piracy Sony tried innovative approach to earn money on digital music, In 2000 Sony launched online music store â€Å"the Store† where the price for a track was $3.50 that turned off many early adopters of the service moreover, users were actually only renting the tracks for that $3.50 and after a certain point the files expired and could not be played again without repurchase, which was not a successful attempt and service failed quickly. Having that experience In 2003 Apple inc. run iTunes Store, with tremendous success with the Ipod sales which no doubts influences Music industry and the policy of digital music distribution. That is a breakthrough for digital music and especially for mp3 format. According to information by Apple CEO Steve Jobs at the end of the second week of January, 2008, the store has sold 4 billion songs, accounting for more than 70% of worldwide online digital music sales. There were many disputes on the World Wide Web and newspapers and other mass media sources about Ipod users and digital music in overall, where topics like â€Å"Ipod users are thieves† were headline. My own opinion is that it looks like a Dog chasing own tail, on the one hand technologies are growing very fast and there is nothing to put on the 200 GB HDD except tons of music and movies, the same with iPods it is highly improbable to have that amount of music in physical quantity, 40gb of Ipods capacity is approximately 5000 tracks which is around 200 albums†¦ In our days it is becoming more and more difficult for the music industry to ignore the basic economics, technology progress and the outdated legal structures of the industry such as unenforceable property rights (because it is impossible to sue everyone) and â€Å"zero† production costs (Peer-to-Peer and file sharing systems became way too popular). All the big labels such as SONY BMG, Warner and others have now given up on DRM (â€Å"Short for digital rights management, a system for protecting the copyrights of data circulated via the Internet or other digital media by enabling secure distribution and/or disabling illegal distribution of the data. Typically, a DRM system protects intellectual property by either encrypting the data so that it can only be accessed by authorized users or marking the content with a digital watermark or similar method so that the content can not be freely distributed.†) Music Companies still trying to charge for their music, but it’s becoming more and more clear that as long as there is a free alternative (Peer-to peer and other file sharing systems), the price of music and other media will have to fall. â€Å"LONDON — U.S. rock star Prince gave away his new album for free with a U.K. tabloid newspaper, weeks before its official launch, in a move that has caused dismay among music retailers.† Some artists already started to use the situation and instead of fighting with the â€Å"problems† started to look for the advantages and opportunities. Marginal production costs are zero and like in case with software applications, it doesn’t cost anything to produce another digital copy that would be as good as the original, as soon as the first copy exists anyone can create additional copies. Unless effective technical, legal or other artificial barriers to production can be created, simple economic theory dictates that zero marginal cost plus competition (The possibility that consumer will create and spread another copy) results in a zero price, unless government creates artificial barriers to a free market. â€Å"Sure, Radiohead is on a sustained run as the most interesting and innovative band in rock, but what makes In Rainbows important — easily the most important release in the recent history of the music business — are its record label and its retail price: there is none, and there is none.† In October 2007 Radiohead announced that their new album â€Å"In Rainbows† will be available to download free of charge, the fact is, the networks and peer to peed file sharing systems have grown into easy-to-use distribution methods for music even easier than what Radiohead has bee offering. According to Forbes website (www.forbes.com) about 240.000 users has been downloading album using Peer-to peer (BitTorrent) sources â€Å"according to Big Champagne, a Los-Angeles-based company that tracks illegal downloading on the Internet. Over the following days, the file was downloaded about 100,000 more times each day—adding up to more than 500,000 total illegal downloads.† Radiohead offered to download their album for free the only requirement was to set up an account on the website, but according to statistics that turned out to be not â€Å"cheap† enough! The recorded music industry †¦ has for too long been dependent on how many CDs can be sold, writes Guy Hands, EMIs chairman. The industry, rather than embracing digitalization and the opportunities it brings for promotion of product and distribution through multiple channels, has stuck its head in the sand. Radioheads actions are a wake-up call which we should all welcome and respond to with creativity and energy. Nokia made a step forward offering music downloads for free on their mobiles by signing contract with Sony BMG â€Å" Nokia will offer free 12-month access to music from artists of Sony BMG, the worlds second-biggest label, to buyers of its particular music phones, the worlds top cellphone maker said on Tuesday. Last December, Nokia unveiled a similar deal for its Comes With Music phones with the top record label Universal.Comes With Music is expected to launch in the second half of 2008 on a range of Nokia devices in selected markets, Nokia said in a statement.Nokia gave no financial details.Sony BMG, home to artists including Beyonce, Bruce Springsteen and Celine Dion, is jointly owned by Sony Corp and German media group Bertelsmann AG.The new music offering from Nokia the first cellphone maker to push heavily into content would differ from any other package on the market as users can keep all the music they have downloaded during the 12 months.† My personal opinion is whether you agree or disagree that the prices for the music will be zero or about zero but it is going to happen if the authorities would not take drastic measures to solve the issues as it appears that there is no â€Å"easy† solution†¦ The new era is coming, the era of free recorded music and my believe is that everything is going in a right way, recorded music will become one of the marketing tools to get people to pay for the live concerts, that will put emphasis on organizational skills and on new dimension of the performances and performance quality which will result in cultural socialization and stronger community. In countries like Brazil people already started to use situation as an advantage and opportunity, people doing huge amount of remixes which resulting in new styles and music cultures like Techno Brega â€Å"In the North of Brazil, you have the Techno Brega movement. [..] You have a music producer who has a recording studio. [..] Probably a small one with good equipment. They invite the artists to these studios to make the CDs. They deliver it to the street vendors, so that they can replicate them. The only people making a profit out of CD sales are the street vendors. The musicians dont expect any money from releasing the CDs.† People realized that CD sales model is not an effective way to earn money in our days it is outgrown to promotion side of business and what people are doing now is using CDs to record actual performances and then sell it to people who have attended the performance which is a good souvenir and memory of the event. Services and web resources are developing for the benefits of artist. Web resources such as www.myspace.com or www.sellaband.com could be of great benefits to artist. Sellaband is a very perspective web project which is aimed to promote artist but in slightly different way then www.myspace.com, Artist creates a profile, uploading all the necessary information and maximum of 3 demo songs and looking for â€Å"believers†, each believer have to invest at least 10$ in artist and as soon as the amount of believers will reach 5000 the artist will receive 50000$ to record the album, after the album has been produced the believers will receive limited edition CDs with all the bonuses, all services are absolutely free as for believers as for the artist, that is a very bright idea as the â€Å"believers† could be a very good source of money which is very important for the first album, the amount of believers could be less then 5000, the main concept is to rise 50000$ therefore, i n this case it is possible for artist to divide the source of money between believers and himself so that it could be 50% from artist and 50% from believers. In conclusion, record labels are going down and struggling to make profits from CD sales and it appears that digital music selling is more reliable for revenue then CD sales. Copyrights and intellectual property rights law have to be updated to cooperate with current issues of piracy and file sharing protocols. CD Sales model has to be reincarnated to CD promotional model in order to regain the value of physical product with the emphasis put on live performances which should result in quality and cultural aspect of performances.

Distress and Quality of Life of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Distress and Quality of Life of Type 2 Diabetic Patients The present study measured the Distress and Quality of life of type II diabetic patients-of the two groups, group 1 and Group 2. It also assessed the correlation between Distress and Quality of life and their subdivisions such as, the correlation between Distress, emotional distress, physician distress, regimen distress, interpersonal distress; Quality of life, energy and mobility, diabetes control, anxiety and worry, sexual functioning and social burdens using Pearson’s correlation. This study also measured the difference in Distress and Quality of Life between group 1 and group 2. The first objective of the present study was to measure the Distress and Quality of life in type II Diabetic patients. This was done by using two scales, Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS17) and Diabetes 39 (D39). The frequencies and normal distribution of Distress among group 1 and group 2 shown in Figure 1 portray that there is high Distress among the participants in group 1 than in group 2; where high score indicate high Distress. Similar findings were found in a study done by Fisher, Skaff, Mullan, Arean, Glasgow Masharani (2008), an increase in distress upto 60% was present over a period of time. In Figure 2, the frequencies and normal distribution of Quality of life of group 1 and group 2 were shown which portrays that group 2 has higher Quality of Life than group 1, where low score represents high Quality of life. The second objective was to find if there exists a correlation between Distress and Quality of Life. Research review shows that there was a significant relationship between Distress Quality of life (Wu, Huang, Liang, Wang, Lee Tung, 2011). Owing to the scoring pattern, the present study showed similar results with a positive correlation between the scores of Distress and Quality of life i.e., higher score of Distress and high score of Quality of Life. However, it is to be interpreted as a negative relationship between distress and quality of life as is implied by their scoring pattern, where higher scores in distress represents higher distress whereas higher scores in quality of life represents lower Quality of life. Thus, it may be interpreted that higher the Distress, lower the Quality of Life and there was a relation established between higher Distress and Lower Quality of life. The third objective of the study was to find the difference between group 1 and group 2 of Distress and Quality of life, to find the difference between participants practicing faith based yoga as a complimentary intervention aside from the allopathy medications and participants just using the medication. There were many previous studies showing, certain management techniques have a great impact on controlling the blood sugar levels (Singh, Tandon Sharma, 2005). It was found that the Distress among group 1 was high compared to group 2. Same trend was demonstrated in all the dimensions of Distress such as emotional distress, physician distress, regimen distress and interpersonal distress. similar finding were reported by Sharma, Sen, Singh, Bharadwaj, Kochupillai Singh (2003), where type II Diabetic patients practicing sudarshana kriya were found to be experiencing low level of stress. Though both the groups differed significantly in all the dimensions of distress, the difference bet ween the groups was higher in the emotional distress dimension. As indicated by the earlier studies such as those by Snoek Polonsky (2000); Rock (2003); Pouwer (2009) that individuals diagnosed with Diabetes have emotional disturbances due to various reasons such as medication, frequent visits to hospital, comorbid conditions of Diabetes etc. Going by the dimensions of Distress, high Distress was found to be in the dimensions of Emotional Distress, followed by regimen distress, physician distress and interpersonal distress in group 1. As there was a correlation seen between Distress and Quality of life, the same was reflected in the results where group 2 had better Quality of life than group 1, where high score represents low Quality of life. Going by the dimensions, group 2 had higher Quality of life in the dimensions of energy and mobility, social burdens, diabetes control, sexual functioning and anxiety and worry. This is in accordance to the previous finding which state that there was an improvement in the Quality of life in people diagnosed with type II Diabetes who were practicing yogic breathing techniques, sudarshana kriya and pranayama (Jyothsna, Joshi, Ambedkar, Kumar, Dhawan Sreenivas, 2012). The complimentary management technique use not only gives the patients physical relaxation but it also gives them the psychological relaxation. Hence, they might act upon the lowering of Distress and higher Quality of Life of the patient. This complimentary technique gives physical, psychological as well as social outcomes. Physical outcomes are described by medical literature in multiple ways. Psychological outcomes are seen in terms of relaxation and as seen in the outcomes of lowered distress and enhanced quality of life. Togetherness with people with similar diagnosis doing an effort to manage the disease condition might contribute to the social angle. Thus, the complimentary management technique used by the group in the present study seems to have contributed effectively as indicated by low Distress and better Quality of life and their dimensions. The importance of Art of living in decreasing the Distress and enhancing the Quality of Life has been understood. Many studies have also kept forward their view on the benefits a person could achieve following Faith based yoga. As mentioned earlier by many of the physicians across the globe, Faith based yoga can be an effective intervention complimenting the allopathy medicine. Therefore, this study can contribute to the existing studies supporting this view where people can decrease their Distress and enhance their Quality of life and their dimensions to effectively control Diabetes. Shortcomings and future directions The major shortcoming of this study is the sample size, larger sample would have provided better representation of the characteristics of the population. Another major shortcoming of this study was administering the scales in group (in the Art of living centres), this could have prompted the participants to give socially desirable responses. Future recommendations of this study would be to compare the participants practicing Art of living above 10 years and below 10 years, this would give more insight on the long term effects of practicing Art of Living. Future research may also be conducted comparing the impact of various forms of Faith based yoga such as Brahma kumaries, Christian Yoga, Vipasana etc. on type II Diabetic patients. Study would have yielded clearer results if there was a pre and post interventional design. That is measurement of Distress and Quality of Life on participants before they practiced Faith based yoga and after practicing the same for a considerable period o f time such as one year or more. This would have yielded a clear effect of faith based yoga. Further research may be conducted in this direction.

Analysis Of Emily Dickensons C :: essays research papers

Analysis of Crumbling is not an instant Act by Emily Dickinson "Crumbling is not an instant’s Act'; is a lyric by Emily Dickinson. It tells how crumbling does not happen instantaneously; it is a gradual process occurring slowly and cumulatively over time. The structure of this poem is complex and it tied directly into the figurative meaning. This poem consists of three quatrains written in iamic meter but with no set number of feet per line. Also, the second and fourth lines of each quatrain thyme somewhat. Perhaps the most perplexing attribute of the structure is that Dickinson capitalizes words in mid-sentence that would not normally be capitalized. This could represent decaying objects; capitalized words represent things still standing and lowercase words represent things decayed. This poem is choppy at timed, but it flows smoothly at others. Long hyphens throughout the poem slow down reading speed. This could be compared to the rate of decay. Sometimes decay is rapid, sometimes it is slow. the last three parts of the poem’s structure help create its figurative meaning. Imagery is Dickinson’s main figurative tool in this poem. the idea that crumbling is progressive is supported by the last two lines of the first stanza, which state, “Dilapidation’s processes Are organized Decays'; This means that crumbling is a result of dilapidation, which is caused by gradual decay. The deterioration that results is progressive: one stage of decay leads to the next until crumbling inevitably comes along. The second stanza contains four images of decay: “cobweb, rust, dust and borer in the axis.'; These images are combined with specific details which give them a deeper meaning. The dust is a “cuticle,'; which suggests that it is at the edges. The “cobwebs on the soul'; suggest spiritual deterioration (cobwebs symbolizing neglect). “Elemental'; rust means basic corrosion and corruption. the “borer in the axis'; represents something that eats a person from the inside out. In the third stanza, the word “ruin'; is perhaps the most suitable word for describing both physical and spiritual collapse. “Devil’s work'; speaks for itself--the devil is evil, ruin is evil. this poem can describe any type o f ruin: personal, emotional, financial. The literal meaning of this poem is simple--ruin does not happen suddenly. It is actually a gradual process that is the result of continuous, small-scale decay.

Essay --

Throughout history, sugar has been an important product due to its multiple uses as a sweetener and preservative. Countless corporations continue to switch from cane sugar to HFCS to lower cost. But is the toll it takes on American’s health worth the quick buck? C. DIVISION: - 2 Main Points – roadmap, or preview for audience of what is to come. 1. First I would like to give a brief description of what HFCS is, what makes them different from cane sugar 2. When/why the U.S. started using HFCS in products and possible risk factors D. DEVELOPMENT: - 2 Sub-Points of Main Points – supporting detail of main points: quotations, stats 1. A brief description of what HFCS are, what makes them different from cane sugar? a. Since its introduction to food products in the 1960's, HFCS has slowly been added to most foods, such as ketchup, baby formula, soft drinks, baked goods, and breakfast cereals. High Fructose Corn Syrup is a thick, gummy substance used as an artificial sweetener. It’s produced by treating corn with enzymes. First the corn is made into corn starch then into corn syrup a...

A Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway :: Free Essay Writer

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catherine Barkley and Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway present a contrast in personalities: in the ways they are playing opposite roles, in Catherines maturity and leadership and in Frederics immaturity and ineptness, and in the ways they view love. Frederic Henry is the narrorator and the protagonist in the novel. He is a former student of arcitecture of arcitecture who has volunteered to join the Italian Army as an ambulance officer, because he could not speak Italian. He tries to find fulfillment in love following his injury and desertion of his army post. Catherine Barkley is an English nurse with whom Frederic Henry falls in love with. Catherine Barkley takes care of Henry physically and emotionally. Besides making love, Catherine cares for Frederic liek a mother cares for her child (Hays-52). Frederic Henry remains selfish despite his love for Catherine, and never comes close to the self sacrificing devotion that his friend, the prie st, characterizes as true love (Donaldson-56). When Frederic gets shot in the knee, Catherine is the nurse that takes care of him. When Frederic decides to desert his post, he leaves with Catherine. Frederic does not fall in love with Catherine when he starts telling her he loves her, it is not until later in the book that he finds the love for her in him. Although Catherine loves him with all she has, he does not realize the true meaning of love, at first, but yet still tells her that he does love her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A contrast in personalities is presented in the ways Frederic and Catherine are playing opposite roles in the relationship in the relationship. In a â€Å"normal† relationship between a man and a woman, the man is the one who takes care of the women and all that, but in this relationship it is reversed. Frederic is an ambulance officer for the Italian Army and Catherine is his nurse. Any time Frederic is injured, Catherine is there to help him out and care for him. Not only does Catherine take care of his physical state, but she also takes care of his emotional state. Whenever Frederic is feeling down, Catherine is there to cheer him up. Catherine maturely decides to make a commitment, to love someone who she knows does not love her back, and to take full reponsibility for her actions throughout, including the pregnancy that occurs (Hays-55). A Farewell To Arms By Ernest Hemingway :: Free Essay Writer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catherine Barkley and Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway present a contrast in personalities: in the ways they are playing opposite roles, in Catherines maturity and leadership and in Frederics immaturity and ineptness, and in the ways they view love. Frederic Henry is the narrorator and the protagonist in the novel. He is a former student of arcitecture of arcitecture who has volunteered to join the Italian Army as an ambulance officer, because he could not speak Italian. He tries to find fulfillment in love following his injury and desertion of his army post. Catherine Barkley is an English nurse with whom Frederic Henry falls in love with. Catherine Barkley takes care of Henry physically and emotionally. Besides making love, Catherine cares for Frederic liek a mother cares for her child (Hays-52). Frederic Henry remains selfish despite his love for Catherine, and never comes close to the self sacrificing devotion that his friend, the prie st, characterizes as true love (Donaldson-56). When Frederic gets shot in the knee, Catherine is the nurse that takes care of him. When Frederic decides to desert his post, he leaves with Catherine. Frederic does not fall in love with Catherine when he starts telling her he loves her, it is not until later in the book that he finds the love for her in him. Although Catherine loves him with all she has, he does not realize the true meaning of love, at first, but yet still tells her that he does love her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A contrast in personalities is presented in the ways Frederic and Catherine are playing opposite roles in the relationship in the relationship. In a â€Å"normal† relationship between a man and a woman, the man is the one who takes care of the women and all that, but in this relationship it is reversed. Frederic is an ambulance officer for the Italian Army and Catherine is his nurse. Any time Frederic is injured, Catherine is there to help him out and care for him. Not only does Catherine take care of his physical state, but she also takes care of his emotional state. Whenever Frederic is feeling down, Catherine is there to cheer him up. Catherine maturely decides to make a commitment, to love someone who she knows does not love her back, and to take full reponsibility for her actions throughout, including the pregnancy that occurs (Hays-55).

Blizzards vs Hurricanes

1 2 In 1903 W. E. B. DuBois has said that race was to be the most important issue of the 20th century. This paper examines how the ‘race problem' has unfolded in 20th century America, from the immigrations and United States imperialism to the Ku Klux Klan. The paper looks at what happened to help the issues with race why it took so long for America to pass the Civil Rights Act. Finally, the paper looks at the progress made in America in the latter part of the century. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination that was based on your race, color, religion and even national origin in employment and public accommodations.Then the Voting Rights Act in 1965 that restored and also protected voting rights. In 1965 the Immigration and Nationality Services Act that opened entry to the United States to the immigrants other than just traditional. These acts I believe helped save the United States and solve some of the race and immigrant issues due to Civil War. At the federal leve l , the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act and the Fair Housing Act were the highest of the political struggle to improve legislation. But long before these milestones, race-specific policy changed rapidly at the state level.It was unfair to the diffusion of anti-discrimination policy that provides the opportunities to be able to study the political economy. Also the effects of the policies before the federal coverage applied a comparatively uniform standard to most places at the same time. In the first two decades were the most intense and some people have said that it was the lowest point for Black Americans since the Civil War ended. The rule of the land was the segregation and separation. This caused issues; African Americans had to ride in separate railroad cars, their own drinking water fountain and most of all the black Americans even had their own court houses and hotels. Can you imagine how the black Americans felt? To make matters seem worse the black Americans even h ad to use their own facilities and were not able to sit in the front bus, only in the back. The whites had much better facilities than the black Americans did. When a black man was accused by a any white person of having an affair with a white woman, a crime or a different kind of charge, they would become lynched. Lynching is known for ‘hanging’ and it became a public event for the white men, women and even the children.The whites would hang the body, torture it and the burn the body. This became such a popular horrifying event, that between 60 to 80 black men were lynched each year from the years of 1905 to 1915. I could not even imagine how the children felt seeing this. From the years 1900-1914, the White Supremacist called KKK known as the Ku Klux Klan, was started by a small group of whites from the south. The KKK were mad at the fact that the African Americans got their freedom and that the war ended but most of all that the south had lost all their slaves. They did not know how to react.Their revenge was to torture and kill the African American’s just because they got freedom and that they are not the south’s slaves anymore . By 1924 there were more than 4 million KKK men in the United States. Griffith To this day the KKK still exists and think the same way they had years ago. There are some people still do believe like the whites did after the Civil War, black Americans have way more freedom now than they ever did. For example black and white’s are now allowed to marry, all can use the same bathrooms, busses and be able to eat in the same restaurants. In my opinion I do not think that all the racial and segregation should have been a problem because we are all the same people just different skin color and some of our beliefs. White people have different beliefs than other white people but they do not hate each other or want to kill them. 5 References http://americanracedescrimination. wordpress. com/2011/01/27/1900-19 14-racism-kkk/ Bowles, Mark. D, American History 1865-Present | End of Isolation http://www. nber. org/reporter/winter06/collins. RACE IN TURN

Sustainability Of The Salton Sea Environmental Sciences Essay

An iconic characteristic in the California desert, the Salton Sea stands as a testament to the human component. What started as a manmade catastrophe has become an built-in portion of the local and planetary ecosystems prolonging marine life and supplying a much needed halt along the Pacific Flyway. During the 1950 ‘s and 60 ‘s the Salton Sea was considered the California Riviera as its shores were filled with diversion departers and famous persons. However, the Salton Sea is no longer the desert Eden it one time was. In fact in many ways it is going a liability. The increasing salt, along with the unsustainable influxs of H2O has forced hard inquiries be answered. The Southern Cross of the treatment is what should be done with the Salton Sea? While some believe the Sea should be left to nature, other believe the Sea needs to be sustained and restored. In 2003 California passed SB 277 The Salton Sea Restoration Act, which is average to reconstruct the Salton Sea utilizing the best option. While this sounds ideal, there are many complex issues confronting the Sea, many of which have significant economic branchings. However, a Restoration program is afoot which will turn to the major issues, offering a gleam of hope for an ecosystem seesawing on the border of prostration. Introduction Sparkling in the California desert the Salton Sea stands as a testament to the human component. What started as a manmade catastrophe has become an built-in portion of the local ecosystem, prolonging marine life and supplying a much needed halt along the Pacific migration route. However, since its creative activity this resource has developed into a challenge, one that concerns many yet is thought of by few. Proposals have run the spectrum from making nil to making an inland sea portion via canal to the Gulf of California. Recently statute law was passed to officially reply the inquiries environing the Sea. This policy analysis will concentrate on one peculiar piece of statute law, SB 277, the Salton Sea Restoration Act of 2003, and will consistently analyze SB 277 ‘s successes, failures, and interactions. Like all issues, the fortunes environing the Salton Sea are really complex, and rely to a great extent on understanding the challenges, history and significance. History Surface H2O, in the Imperial Valley is non a recent happening. During prehistoric times, the Gulf of California extended up to the present Coachella Valley. It is believed that over clip silt sedimentations from the Colorado River easy formed a fen insulating a northern inland sea. Finally this sea evaporated go forthing behind a huge salt sedimentation and uncovering the Salton Sink. It is farther believed that since so, the Colorado River has changed class many times make fulling the Salton Sink with H2O and deposit. This rhythm of deluging resulted in the lift of the vale floor along with the deposition of fertile dirt. While there is important grounds of river oscillation and prehistoric seas and lakes, western history has little documented firsthand histories about an inland sea ( MacDougal, 1917, p. 458 ) . Alternatively, most records report an inhospitable desert ; one that holds the psyche of adult male and animal ( Kennan, 1917, p. 13 ) seeking for an alternate path to the California gold Fieldss. And while many of these travellers saw the Imperial Valley as a barren, some saw great agricultural potency. At the bend of century a great irrigation undertaking was planned and implemented amusing H2O from the Colorado River for usage in the Imperial Valley. It was an ambitious program that looked to payout large for the parties involved. There was nevertheless one issue that was non accounted for, silt. Once in the canal system the suspended silt settled, doing obstructors and cut downing volume. Many thoughts were tried to take the silt, nevertheless none proved deserving while. It was determined that the lone manner more H2O could be delivered was by making another recreation point on the Colorado River. After analyzing the river ‘s way, rainfall and flows a new headgate was installed and completed in 1905. However, this would turn out to be an exceeding twelvemonth as rainfall reached 26.6 inches, as apposed to the historic norm of 8-10 inches ( Henry, 1907, p. 245 ) . Soon the river had breached the new headgate deviating the full Colorado River into the Salton Sink for a period of about two old ages. After incorporating the Colorado River the largest lake in California had been crated stretching over 35 stat mis in length. This catastrophe displaced occupants and destroyed harvests, but one time the dust settled a hoarded wealth was revealed. As the Imperial Valley grew the Salton Sea became an built-in portion of the vale and Southern California. In 1924 President Coolidge designated the Salton Sea as a lasting drainage reservoir, which was followed in 1930 by the appellation of wildlife safety ( â€Å" Awash in History † , 2002 ) . During World War II the Sea was used as a bombing country every bit good as an alternate commercial fishing country for coastal fishermen who were worried about German pigboats ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . After WWII the Salton Sea became a recreational Eden in the desert offering changeless sunlight, warm H2O, unfastened infinite, and exceeding athletics fishing. During the 1950 ‘s the Salton Sea contained Covina, Sargo, and Croaker which provided diversion for people and nutrient for wildlife. The Salton Sea was genuinely a gem in the desert ; and times were good as developers built commercial and residential constructions ( Pearce, 2003, p. 48 ) . However, this aureate age would be short lived as inundations and environmental concerns damaged belongings and drove visitants off. Eventually building stopped, towns were abandoned, and wildlife started to decease. Problem It is understood that the Salton Sea is in problem. Salinity is steadily lifting, wildlife emphasis has increased, alimentary tonss are exceptionally high, desire to deviate inflow H2O to other countries is turning, and in 2018 influx will significantly diminish under the Quantification Settlement Agreement ( QSA ) ( which will chiefly be funded through fees on the transportation of H2O between the parties involved in the QSA. The cost to the province has yet to be determined, pending the study to be prepared by the Department of Food and Agriculture ) . While these facts are unchallenged, a solution has yet to be implemented. And with the deadline nearing the urgency for action has increased, coercing replies to hard and alone inquiries environing the Salton Sea. Yet even with extended surveies, consensus remains hard. The graph below illustrates the salt of the Salton Sea. In 2017 with the recreation of H2O salt is expected to quickly increase, which will ensue in the disappearing of fish, and drastically change the Salton Sea ‘s ecosystem. Geography The properties that created the Salton Sea are the same 1s that have caused its debasement. The Salton Sea sits on a big salt sedimentation in a basin with a surface degree of about 230 pess below sea degree ( â€Å" Journal of Geography † , 2009 ) . This means that unlike most lakes which have an escape, the Salton Sea merely has influx. As a consequence all of the compounds come ining the lake remain after vaporization, which is about 5 pess a twelvemonth. Besides unlike the lakes which had antecedently been in the Salton Sink, the present Salton Sea is fed by manmade beginnings the bulk being agricultural overflow, which has unnaturally prolonged the life of the Sea. The Salton Sea besides sits atop the San Andreas Fault, and is surrounded by geothermic activity. Significance to Southern California Beyond the geology and geographics, the Salton Sea plays a important function in the planetary ecosystem. Before the development of Southern California there were many wetlands which provided halting countries for migrating birds going the Pacific Flyway. As the human population grew the natural balance shifted. The Colorado River which used to hold a exuberant delta country was siphoned off turning the one time resource rich country into a desert. Along with this, many of the Southern California wetlands have been developed. While this development has affected the Southern California part of the migration route, it is non entirely, many of the historic halting countries have been developed coercing the birds to either cohabitate or happen less suited adjustments. For the migrating birds the Salton Sea is a true oasis in the desert with over 400 species of birds holding been spotted, which is about half of the known North American species ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . Many of which are listed as protected or endangered. The Sea offers birds a privy resting topographic point with an abundant nutrient supply.Protected Speciess Found in or Around the Salton SeaaAFederally Listed SpeciessCalifornia Listed SpeciessFishDesert Pupfish Desert PupfishAARazorback ChumpBirdsBald Eagle Bald EagleACalifornia Brown Pelican California Brown PelicanACalifornia Least Tern California Least TernALeast Bell ‘s Vireo Least Bell ‘s VireoASouthwestern Willow Flycatcher Willow FlycatcherAYuma Clapper Rail Yuma Clapper RailAAAAAArizona Bell ‘s VireoAABank SwallowAACalifornia Black RailAAElf OwlAAGila WoodpeckerAAGilded Northern FlickerAAGolden EagleAAGreater Sandhill CraneAAPeregrine FalconAASwainson ‘s HawkAAWestern Yellow-billed FatheadAAWhite-tailed KiteABeginning: Program Environmental Impact Report ( PEIR ) At onetime some believed the Salton Sea was the most productive piscaries in the universe, while this is hard to quantify it is evident the sea holds tonss of marine life. In the late 1960 ‘s a California Fish and Game ( CFG ) survey conducted at the Salton Sea predicted fish reproduction would discontinue when salt reached 45 parts per 1000 ( ppt ) with current salt at 44 ppt ( I. Haydock, Ph.D, personal communicating, November 19, 2010 ) . This anticipation has proven true, as many fish species have disappeared from the Salton Sea, go forthing Tilapia and the desert pupfish. Along with a rich mix of wildlife, the Salton Sea represents the human environmental impact. The Sea which is maintained by agricultural overflow can be seen as a testing land for new environmental direction thoughts. Social and Economic Factors Like most issues, one of the most urgent factors confronting the Salton Sea is economic based. The Imperial Valley which uses the Salton Sea as a overflow depository has an estimated agricultural production of over $ 1.6 billion ( â€Å" California Farm Bureau Federation † , 2010 ) . What makes the Sea an built-in portion of this is that the Colorado River H2O used for irrigation has a high salt content. Harmonizing to the Imperial County Farm Bureau the sum of salt flushed into the Salton Sea is equal to 52,000 truck tonss yearly ( â€Å" Imperial County Farm Bureau † , n.d. ) . If the salt were to be left in the dirt it would be merely a few old ages before harvests would get down to neglect. Aquaculture has besides become dependent on the Sea. Aquaculture started during WWII and developed into a big market bring forthing over 10 million lbs of fish a twelvemonth ( Rafferty, 1999, p. 1 ) . More late the focal point of aquaculture has been on algae which non merely cleans the H2O but can besides be used to make biofuel. The Sea is besides host to ten geothermic power workss that produce a net end product of about 327 megawatts of energy that is sold to Southern California Edison ( â€Å" CalEnergy † , n.d. ) . While each of these industries are separate, they depend upon each other for endurance. The husbandmans need to leach the salt of the dirt, and in making so maintains the Sea ‘s degree. The geothermic power workss rely on the Sea ‘s H2O to power the steam generators for energy production. And the aquaculture industry relies on the het H2O from the geothermic workss to advance growing among the fish and algae. Socially the Salton Sea has an every bit of import axial rotation. While the shoreline towns have non seen a noticeable revival the Sea remains to be a big attractive force. On any given twenty-four hours there are people bivouacing, fishing, and loosen uping along its shores. Beyond diversion, the current Sea is commanding what could be an ecologic catastrophe. If the Sea is allowed to dry up, contaminations could go airborne, adversely affect the lives of 1000000s ( Schwabe et al. , 2008, p. 183 ) . A similar affect was seen in Owens Valley when the Los Angels Department of Water and Power ( LADWP ) dried the vale, damaging the ecosystem and harming the dwellers. While there are differences between the Owens Valley and the Salton Sea, the dangers are existent and would potentially impact the full sou'-west. Economically if the Sea is allowed to dry ; it means all of the industries which rely on the Sea have now changed. For the Imperial and Coachella Valleys this could be black. Human Health and Quality of Life During 50 ‘s, 60s, and 70s the Salton Sea was a finish for people who love H2O athleticss and diversion and with a population of about 15,000 ( today 400 ) it was a turning community. However, since so fish putting to deaths ( due to algae blooms ) , bird deceases ( due to Botulism ) , pollution panics, and implosion therapy has pushed people to travel and stopped utilizing sea recreationally. It should be noted the issues environing the Salton Sea are non merely environmental. They are besides economic and wellness issues, which affect the quality of life of the people still populating on the Sea ‘s fringe. For these occupants and the visitants the Sea country is a bare topographic point ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . Rehabilitation Ideas Many solutions have been proposed as to how best manage the Salton Sea. These thoughts run the spectrum from allowing the Sea evaporate and return to abandon, to delving a channel to the Gulf of California. While all of the programs have some virtue, many have liabilities that outweigh benefits. Of the solutions to have consideration there are two base outs, a full Sea and a partial Sea programs. The partial Sea program is presently the proposed best alternate and will be discussed in following pages. For a full Sea Restoration there are many challenges, one being the QSA which regulates the sum of Colorado River H2O California is able to pull. While a California allocation has been in topographic point since the Colorado River Compact of 1922, California has been able to pull above the 4.4 million acre pess because it was entitled to a per centum of the surplus. However, California is now being required to remain within its 4.4 million acre pess allotment, with an increased part traveling to urban usage as apposed to agricultural. This means that less H2O will be used to water which equal less overflow. So in order to keep the Sea, H2O from the Gulf of California will necessitate to be pumped into the lake, and H2O from the lake will necessitate to be pumped back to the Gulf, making an unfastened system with the ocean. This would stabilise the salt while keeping the bing Sea. While this thought sounds good, it comes with many variables and a high projected cost. In a study by the Pacific Institute such a program would be about $ 70 billion dollars ( Cohen, 2008, p. 132 ) and require cooperation of landholders and the Mexican authorities. Accountability Soon the Sea receives H2O from multiple beginnings: Whitewater River, Alamo River, New River, agricultural overflow, groundwater, and a fraction from rainfall. While these beginnings have been discussed, the Alamo and New river which originate in Mexico contribute to the Sea ‘s pollution. However, while these rivers cross the U.S. Mexico boarder the Salton Sea is clearly a province and federal issue. Many federal bureaus have besides passed statute law in relation to the Salton Sea including the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Department of the Interior which passed the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 authorising financess to analyze salt direction ( â€Å" U.S. Bureau of Reclamation † , n.d. ) . While we know more about the Salton Sea now, California is taking a proactive function in protecting and developing the Sea, with the California Salton Sea Authority in the lead. What is an environmental policy? The present Salton Sea status is a apogee of many factors, from hapless sewerage intervention fouling the H2O, to the deficiency of media attending. Yet the authorities is devoted to developing a program which addresses environmental sustainability, preservation, population wellness, and economic growing. Over the last decennary environmental policy development and execution ( entirely or in concurrence with undertakings ) has shifted its focal point on digesting additions in sustainable usage, effectual direction, improved quality of life, and preservation of natural resources. Like other types of public policies, environmental policies set up the regulations that guide environmental determinations of houses and families in rural, agricultural, and urban countries. Environmental constabularies are designed and implemented for the express intent protecting and/or bettering environmental quality or natural resource usage ; by pull offing pollution and other human activity. Environmental policy should reform or alter the â€Å" regulations of the game † that guides behaviour of houses, farms, and families related to pollution and natural resource usage. Policy shapers in deferent degrees of authorities employ a assortment of inducements and deterrences to promote determinations that promote environmental ends and protect natural resources. A well-designed environmental policy should be cost-efficient, based on sound economic rules, achieve environmental aims, set up local ownership through engagement, and create institutional functions and duties which are consensual during the execution procedure. Environmental policies are non without their challenges. While the benefits of good conceived environmental policy are significant and easy recognized, policy alterations frequently require institutional reforms. A successful environmental policy should convey together taking scientific research workers, policy shapers, minds, and experts on the environment and wellness every bit good as proficient and legal experts, including national statute law, federal and province regulators, to portion their cognition and penetrations into the complex environmental and human wellness issues. It should be noted that, in the environmental policy doing procedure the usage of modern scientific discipline, engineering, and economic feasibleness tools are indispensable ( Stenberg et al, 2007, p. 265 ) . History of the Bill Up until his premature decease US Congressman Sonny Bono was a strong voice for the Salton Sea. As a local occupant, Mayor of Palm Springs, and subsequently a US Congressman, Sonny Bono understood the significance of the Salton Sea and was in the procedure of subjecting statute law when he died. Fortunately Newt Gingrich carried the measure which would be named â€Å" Sonny Bono Salton Sea Restoration Act. † ( Orange County Register, February 1998 ) . In 1998, Congress enacted the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 directing the US Bureau of Reclamation to develop options that would stabilise salt and lake degree while keeping the Sea ‘s usage as an irrigation drainage reservoir. Today, the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Program is a combined attempt fall ining Federal bureaus, State bureaus, local bureaus, stakeholders, and the general populace all working together to reconstruct the Sea ‘s ecosystem. In 2003, 40th District Senator Denise Ducheny presented the California Legislature with SB 277 the Salton Sea Restoration Act, Which directs the Natural Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game and the Department of Water Resources, to analyze and develop the best option for reconstructing the Salton Sea, one which would turn to the Sea ‘s ecosystem and human involvement. For Senator Ducheny the Salton Sea and the QSA have significance because her territory includes the Sea and many of the H2O bureaus involved. And while there is no grounds of parts from involvement groups, A Sea Restoration would pump 1000000s if non one million millions into the local economic system, while reconstructing a strong attractive force. The aims are to: 1 ) Make a sensible and sustainable home ground and ecosystem for the wildlife dependent on the Sea. 2 ) Minimize air quality impact. 3 ) Manage H2O quality ( SB 277, 2003 ) . The passage of SB 277 was dependent on the transition of both SB 654 and SB 317 which focused severally on H2O preservation mechanisms and the Sea ‘s ecology. Combined these three measures focus on issues straight impacting the Salton Sea, and supply support of up to $ 300 million dollars from the sale of Colorado River H2O ( Salton Sea Authority, 2004, p. 1 ) . The purpose of Senate Bill 277 ( SB 277 ) The purpose of the Legislature is summarized below: Restore and stabilise the Salton Sea, while making a strong ecosystem advancing wildlife wellness. The Restoration shall be based on the preferable alternate program developed from the Restoration survey and alternate choice procedure described in Section 2081.7. The Use of these financess should be made available in conformity with the old mentioned subdivision to be deposited in the Salton Sea Restoration Fund, and other financess made available by the Legislature and the US federal authorities. The preferable alternate shall supply the maximal executable agencies to reconstruct the sea. Salton Sea Restoration Fund ( SSRF ) SB 277 is intended to reconstruct the Sea which includes stabilising the ecosystem. Specifically, the measure establishes the Sea Restoration Fund which is to be administered by the Director of the Department of Fish and Game ( DFG ) . In 2003, the QSA which among other things addressed the long standing Colorado River apportionment difference between the Imperial Irrigation District, San Diego County Water Authority, and the Coachella Valley Water District. The QSA besides implemented Fish and Game Code Section 2931, which established the Salton Sea Restoration Fund ( â€Å" Bond Accountability.. † n.d. ) . The Legislature will pull off the financess which are intended to be used for: Salton Sea Restoration surveies, with a focal point on continuing wildlife. Create preservation techniques which will supply a balance between wildlife and Sea direction. Implement the agreed upon Restoration program. Manage Restoration activities. Major issues with SB 277 A ) SB 277 SB 277 is an amendment to the old measures which hold the State of California responsible for reconstructing the sea and establishes a mechanism for funding the Restoration. However, the measure fails to turn to these challenges: Economic primacy: The Salton Sea is non an environmental issue. It is an economic issue and one of the largest regional menaces. Atomization of American Political System: US atomization of Political system on this issue is an obstruction to efficiency and effectivity in moving toward work outing the job. Interest group instability: There are many involvement groups that are interested in the Restoration for different grounds, including conservationists, life scientists, folks, abodes, developers, applied scientists, and politicians. The most of import overarching value in public policy is the public involvement ( Pal, 2010, p. 3 ) . The policy rhythm: The policy rhythm includes job acknowledgment ( it should be noted that, the sea Restoration policy rhythm has given a long clip to the survey period in order to specify the job ) , policy development, execution and rating. However, policies seldom tackle individual jobs ; instead, they deal with bunchs of embroiled jobs that may hold contradictory solutions. To farther complicate this, complexness is besides increased with the size and breath of the job which is frequently comprised of sets of other possibly smaller jobs whose really interconnectedness makes them hard to grok and whose boundaries are hard to specify across and over clip ( Pal, 2010, p. 4 ) . The Salton Sea is a perfect illustration of a complex and interconnected job. Economically the Sea is a major driver for industry. Yet financially the Sea is a liability for the State of California which could be upwards of $ 14 billion in Restoration. It should be noted that, if the Sea is allowed to dries up, it would go an air quality catastrophe which would impact the economic system of the Coachella Valley. Furthermore, the Sea remains to be a delicate ecosystem, seesawing between â€Å" haven and hazard † as it softly evolves ( Cohen, et al. , 2009, p. 1 ) . The Sonny Bono Memorial Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998, the QSA and ordaining statute law, and the proposed Salton Sea Local Control Act flux one into the other, irrigating down the following piece of statute law. B ) The Many Parties Involved Multiple federal, province, and regional bureaus are presently tuning the best Restoration option for the Salton Sea. In add-on, the Salton Sea Authority Board of Directors includes: California Regional Water Quality Control Board Colorado River Basin Region 7, Coachella Valley Water District ( CVWD ) , Imperial Irrigation District ( IID ) , Riverside County Board of Supervisors 4th District, Riverside County Board of Supervisors 3rd District, Imperial County Board of Supervisors 5th District, Imperial County Board of Supervisors 4th District, Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians, Coachella Valley association of Governments ( CVAG ) , California Department of Fish and Game, Southern California Association of Government ( SCAG ) , State Resource Agency, and Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control. In add-on, a Technical Advisory Committee including life scientists, applied scientists, and environmental experts has been formed ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) .Me mbers of the Salton Sea Advisory CommitteeAFederal AgenciesBureau of Indian Affairs Bureau of Reclamation Fish and Wildlife Service Geological Survey Environmental Protection AgencyTribal GovernmentsTorres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians Cabazon Band of Mission IndiansState AgenciesState Water Resources Control Board Colorado River Basin Regional Water Quality Control Board California Air Resources BoardLocal AgenciesMetropolitan Water District of Southern California San Diego County Water Authority Coachella Valley Water District Imperial Irrigation District Imperial County Riverside County Imperial County Air Pollution Control District South Coast Air Quality Management District Coachella Valley Association of Governments Imperial Valley Association of GovernmentsNongovernmental OrganizationsCalifornia Farm Bureau Federation Riverside County Farm Bureau Imperial County Farm Bureau Defenders of Wildlife California Waterfowl Association Pacific Institute United Anglers of Southern California Audubon California Sierra Club CalEnergy Operating Corporation New River Citizens Congressional Task Force Beginning: Program Environmental Impact Report ( PEIR ) With all of these bureaus keeping involvement in the Salton Sea, many have presented contradictory information, which has made developing a consensus hard. To assist with this a Technical Advisory Committee ( TAC ) which is comprised of bureau representatives each have a strong cognition of the Sea, and are supposed to supply counsel to the Board of Director ‘s. C ) A sea of contradictions: It is frequently written that the Salton Sea is a â€Å" sea of contradictions † ; it is both a oasis for wildlife every bit good as jeopardy for resident fish, birds, and other animals. Since the Sea terminal lake sustained by agricultural overflow, the influxs are both a approval and a expletive ( Cohen, 1999, p. 15 ) . The argument over how best to reconstruct this delicate ecosystem is non new. The treatment of dividing the lake into a northern salt managed lake and a southern seawater pool, which is today the Salton Sea Authority ‘s preferable option, received serious attending every bit early every bit 1974 as the sulphide odor from the fecund algal bloom rhythm and the subsequent fish die-offs began driving tourers off from the Sea. D ) Policy Issue The bing issues environing the Salton Sea are about to make a tipping point forcing determinations be made. If nil gets done in the close hereafter, the sea is predicted to slowly evaporate, and a new set of issues will be presented. A major obstruction is funding. In add-on, the concluding cost is hard to gauge because of the complexness of this issue. Presently there has been small way provided by the legislative assembly with respects to implementation plan including timeline. While a preferable Restoration program was scheduled to be delivered by the terminal of 2006, inquiries remain, and action has non been taken. The legislative assembly merely authorized the State to travel frontward with what has been proposed as the Salton Sea Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Project. The legislative assembly needs to give authorization to the State to travel frontward with a Restoration plan. The State has proposed a Restoration program which is similar to the Salton Sea Authority ‘s initial proposal. The federal authorities has besides come up with similar consequences. Because influx will be reduced all of the programs are partial lake Restorations. In December of 2007 the US Bureau of Reclamation issued the Restoration of the salton sea concluding study December 2007 in which the costs for the different programs was laid out. For the partial lake Restoration plans the estimated costs ranged from $ 9.2 billion to $ 14 billion in building costs ( US Bureau of Reclamation, 2007, p. 7-2 ) . In this program the Sea is divided into two chief subdivisions, each incorporating multiple zones. The north half of the Sea would be for diversion with the south half being for rehabilitation and home ground. By diminishing the organic structure of H2O by half, merely a part of the present influx will be needed to prolong changeless degrees. Water would so be circulated in a cloc kwise way and filtered through the marsh/habitat where it will be filtered. Throughout the Waterss path there will be intervention workss every bit good as pumping Stationss which will keep circulation ( â€Å" Salton Sea Authority † , n.d. ) . This program besides takes into consideration the many different industries that rely on the Sea. The geothermic workss will still hold entree to H2O, and wildlife will still hold plentifulness of topographic points to rest while migrating. However, there are many challenges that need to be overcome, one being the projected costs. While this program offers a contained solution to the job, the effectivity and costs are non certain. Below is a map of the partial sea program from the Salton Sea Authority. The Department of Fish and Game is traveling frontward with this program as a halt spread step before a concluding program is approved. Salton Sean Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Undertaking SB 277 has strengthened the foundation, nevertheless, it does non see the size and clip for the sea Restoration undertaking. Presently the proposed Salton Sea Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Project size one time wholly build-out is expected to be about 2,400 estates, nevertheless, building clip and costs are dependent on the acquisition of land ( Salton Sea Update, September 2010 ) . In conformity with CEQA the California Natural Resources Agency is in the procedure of carry oning an EIR for the SCH Project. Besides because the SCH Project involves both State and Federal actions, a joint EIS/EIR will be prepared by DFG, under the way of the Natural Resources Agency, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( Corps ) pursuant to CEQA and the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) . This joint papers is being prepared to optimise efficiency and avoid duplicate and is intended to be sufficient in range to turn to both the Federal and State demands. For the intents of the EIS/EIR, the State is to develop preservation patterns that will protect the Sea ‘s wildlife in conformity with Section 2932 of the fish and game codification, pull off the issue potency of incidental take mandate under the California Endangered Species Act ( CESA ) California, Section 2081, and oversee the Streambed Alteration Agreement under California Fish and Game Code, Section 1602. The U S Federal Government may publish licenses to modulate discharge into organic structures of H2O, which include watercourses, lakes, fens, and rivers [ State of California, Natural Resources Agency, June 21, 2010, Notice of Preparation ( NOP ) of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report ( EIS/EIR ) ] . Role of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy has an of import function in the sea Restoration procedure. It implements the written Torahs and regulations while supplying processs on how to implement the Restoration. However, the engagement of the many shareholders, bureaucratic ruddy tape and deficiency of consensus has hampered advancement. Size: Due to the high figure of organisations and entities involve within the procedure, it is about impossible to supervise everyone and every group. Ability of administrative officials: The people who administer the policy have huge measures of information to procedure with limited staff. In 1998 Congress enacted the Salton Sea Reclamation Act. However, policy execution inside informations were non established. So in 2003 California passed SB 277 which assumed authorization by California to work out the particulars. Presently California is working with the Federal authorities and other bureaus in a Joint Powers Authority. Ethical Issues SB 277 is hard because no affair what is decided there will be inauspicious affects. If after the surveies have been conducted it is determined that Fieldss will necessitate to be fallowed, so the local economic system potentially suffers. However, if current flows are maintained SDCWA, CVWD, and MWD will non hold adequate H2O to run into turning demand. Conversely if influx is allowed to diminish there is the possible that wildlife could be adversely affected. The Salton Sea besides represents an ethical quandary, is reconstructing the Sea the best usage of public financess? This inquiry becomes peculiarly outstanding as the state is confronting economic troubles. After looking at the options, it becomes evident that in the instance of the Salton Sea Restoration is in fact in the best involvements of the province and state. International Relationss SB 277 does no straight mention any foreign states ; nevertheless, the consequences of SB 277 will hold a direct effect to both Mexico and Canada. As discussed earlier two of the major influx beginnings originate in Mexico. And although California can non necessitate Mexico ‘s conformity, it would be sensible to bespeak Mexico ‘s support in cleaning up the New and Alamo rivers. Presently the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) is working with the Mexican authorities to better the H2O quality of the New River by put ining waste H2O interventions workss, using over $ 40 million dollars in Mexicali effluent undertakings ( â€Å" Environmental Protection Agency † , 2010 ) . This non merely cleans the H2O fluxing into the Sea, but it besides provides Mexicali with a new beginning of drinkable H2O. Less straight the Salton Sea plays a planetary axial rotation in supplying a resting country for migrating birds. With most of the historic wetlands destroyed, the Salton Sea is the lone resting country in the part. The exact affect of fring the Sea is non known, nevertheless, it is agreed such a loss would damage bird populations. The ripple affect of this could be lay waste toing as full industries and ecosystems are based on the migration of birds. As we have witnessed in other instances, the remotion of one or multiple species from an ecosystem can compromise the full system. Successs and Failures Seven old ages after the passage of SB 277 the Salton Sea has seen small alteration. At a recent Salton Sea symposium many thoughts were presented on how to mange the Sea nevertheless no action had been taken. There was nevertheless, one point of consensus, which was that action needed to be taken instantly ( Gottberg, 2010 ) . So has SB 277 succeeded or failed? On many counts SB 277 has succeeded, it provided funding for surveies which have developed solid solutions, and it has provided a manner to fund these plans through the sale of H2O. While SB 277 has succeeded on many counts it has besides failed. In Section 1 Chapter 13 of the Fish and Game Code it states â€Å" Implementation of the preferable Salton Sea Restoration option † ( SB 277, 2003 ) . SB 277 transportations the load of the Salton Sea from the Federal authorities to the province. While this transportation might hold made action easier, a recent Superior Court opinion found the QSA JPA violated the California Constitution ( Imperial Irrigation District FAQ, 2010 ) . A cardinal point being the province committed to taking on an unacceptable sum of debt. The QSA officially acknowledged the State of California ‘s purpose to set about the Restoration of the Salton Sea. Necessitating the California Natural Resources Agency develop an ecosystem Restoration plan for the Salton Sea. After a really long and publically crystalline procedure, the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Program Preferred Alternative Report and Funding Plan were presented to the California State Legislature by the California Secretary of Natural Resources on May 2007. To day of the month, the Legislature has non acted on the preferable option for the Salton Sea Restoration ; nevertheless, it has appropriated support to get down work on the Species Conservation Habitat ( SCH ) Undertaking. The State has begun the environmental analysis and technology design of the SCH undertaking, consistent with the â€Å" early start † habitat recommendations of the Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Programmatic ( PEIR ) . In which the California Natural Resources Agency is functioning as the lead bureau for California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA ) conformity. The demand for California to implement the SCH undertaking is driven by the environmental jobs that exist within the watershed. Problems that are rapidly making crisis degrees and will be exacerbated by decreased influxs after 2017, the Salton Sea ‘s salt degrees continue to increase and are expected to transcend the tolerance of most fish species in the sea by 2018. These fish are critical to back up many fish-eating birds that are dependent on the Salton Sea. Suggestion In seeking to decode SB 277 it is necessary to see the many interactions. The thought of SB 277 is to reconstruct the Salton Sea, by: support surveies, implement preservation steps, administer the Restoration and direction, develop support, assess IID fallowing plans, and work with federal, province, and local bureaus, while working within the QSA understanding. On paper this Act is brief, but in content it is potentially monolithic. It is our belief that because SB 277 is so across-the-board, it fails to to the full accomplish its ends. After analyzing SB 277 we recommend the followers. The first suggestion would be to put in dated mileposts. Soon under the QSA 2018 is the tipping point for the Salton Sea. SB 277 lineations aims yet offers small way as to how and when programs and undertakings should be implemented. By making deadlines parties will be forced to make a consensus. The Second suggestion is to hold SB 277 create a high degree bureau to pull off the Salton Sea. By making a separate bureau to carry on research and implement programs there would be greater answerability with greater coordination. This bureau would necessitate the support of the province, local, and federal authorities, because of the complexness and engagement of many organisations. Third, the land below and around the Salton Sea needs to be unified. Presently the Sea remainders on private, province, federal, and tribal lands. This fractured ownership has created excessively many parties which need to hold. In the instance of the Salton Sea it would be sensible to hold the province authorities unify ownership making a individual voice. Most significantly SB 277 demands to make a sense of urgency in happening and implementing a solution. For many old ages at that place have been study after survey done, nevertheless, small to no action has been taken. In the interim the deadline for action is nearing while the treatment remains on what to make. Urgency and cooperation demands to be taken up by the involved parties so a to the full supported program can travel frontward. Decision The Salton Sea is soon at hamlets. Some believe the Sea should be allowed to dry up, yet others believe the full lake should be maintained via circulation with the Gulf of California, but everyone believes a determination needs to be made. This paper has examined SB 277 the Salton Sea Restoration Act, which was intended to supply sustainable solutions to the many challenges. However, as shown, small action has been taken. If the Salton Sea is to be rehabilitated, it will necessitate a conjunct attempt by all interested parties. To farther perplex the Restoration attempt, in September of 2010 Governor Schwarzenegger singed SB 51 a measure proposed by Senator Ducheny making the Salton Sea Restoration Council, which will be the State ‘s new lead bureau in the Restoration procedure, and is in with the Salton Sea Authority. This development has created new uncertainnesss, and will be interesting to follow.